This YEAR IN HISTORY.

iomoon · **Posted:** Sat Nov 26, 2011 10:45:03 am

354 BCE

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in Caria, the tomb of King Mausolus and one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is built.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Sat Nov 26, 2011 15:12:17 pm

355 BCE

Xenophon, Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and an admirer of Socrates dies (b. c. 431 BC)

iomoon · **Posted:** Mon Nov 28, 2011 04:20:05 am

356 BCE

The Phocians capture and sack Delphi in whose territory the famous temple and oracle stand. A sacred war is declared against them by the other members of the Great Amphictyonic League. The Phocians, led by two capable generals, Philomelus and Onomarchus, use Delphi's riches to hire a mercenary army to carry the war into Boeotia and Thessaly.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Mon Nov 28, 2011 11:23:48 am

357 BCE

Rhodes falls to the Persian satrap Mausolus of Halicarnassus.

iomoon · **Posted:** Tue Nov 29, 2011 10:33:28 am

358 BCE

Cersobleptes, in conjunction with his brothers, Amadocus II and Berisades, inherits the dominions of the Thracian king, Cotys I, following his murder. However, the overall management of Thracian affairs is assumed by the Euboean adventurer, Charidemus, who is connected by marriage with the royal family, and who plays the prominent part in the ensuing negotiations with Athens for the possession of the Thracian Chersonese.

Thracian Chersonese is perhaps better known in the antipodes as the Gallipoli peninsula.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Tue Nov 29, 2011 12:06:16 pm

359 BCE

The Macedonian King Perdiccas III is killed while defending his country against an Illyrian attack led by King Bardylis. He is succeeded by his infant son, Amyntas IV. The child's uncle, Philip II, assumes the regency.

In the same year, Philip II declares himself king of Macedonia. Amyntas IV is not judged by Philip II to be a danger and remains alive while Philip II is King of Macedonia.

The Illyrians prepare to close in, the Paeonians raid from the north and two claimants to the Macedonian throne are supported by foreign powers. Philip II buys off his dangerous neighbours and, with a treaty, cedes Amphipolis to Athens.

King Perdiccas III

iomoon · **Posted:** Wed Nov 30, 2011 08:36:35 am

360 BCE

With the help of King Agesilaus II of Sparta, Nectanebo II deposes Teos and becomes king of Egypt. Teos flees to Susa and makes peace with the Persians. Nectanebo II pays the Spartans 230 talents for their help.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Wed Nov 30, 2011 12:08:48 pm

361 BCE

Plato returns once more to Syracuse to teach the young Syracusan tyrant Dionysius II. He fails to reconcile the tyrant to Dion, who Dionysius II banished in 366 BC. Because of this, Plato is forced to flee Syracuse to save his life.

Damocles it seems was an excessively flattering courtier in the court of Dionysius II of Syracuse, a 4th Century BC tyrant of Syracuse, Italy. He effused that, as a great man of power and authority, Dionysius was truly fortunate. Dionysius offered to switch places with him for a day, so he could taste first hand that fortune. In the evening a banquet was held, where Damocles very much enjoyed being waited upon like a king. Only at the end of the meal did he look up and notice a sharpened sword hanging by a single piece of horsehair directly above the throne. Immediately, he lost all taste for the fine foods and beautiful boys and asked leave of the tyrant, saying he no longer wanted to be so fortunate

iomoon · **Posted:** Thu Dec 01, 2011 10:24:30 am

362 BCE

Mausolus of Caria joins the revolt of the satraps of Anatolia against the Persian king Artaxerxes II.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Thu Dec 01, 2011 13:13:43 pm

363 BCE

The Egyptian Pharaoh Teos (or Tachos) succeeds his father Nectanebo I to the throne. Planning a great attack on Persia, he invites Sparta to help him.

iomoon · **Posted:** Fri Dec 02, 2011 07:07:30 am

364 BCE

The army of Thebes under their statesman and general, Pelopidas, defeats Alexander of Pherae in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly, but Pelopidas is killed during the battle. As a result of his loss of this battle, Alexander is compelled by Thebes to acknowledge the freedom of the Thessalian cities, to limit his rule to Pherae, and to join the Boeotian League.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Fri Dec 02, 2011 09:40:40 am

365 BCE

Euclid of Megara (born 365 BCE) was a Greek Socratic philosopher who founded the Megarian school of philosophy. He was a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE, and was present at his death. He held the supreme good to be one, eternal and unchangeable, and denied the existence of anything contrary to the good. Editors and translators in the Middle Ages often confused him with Euclid of Alexandria when discussing the latter's Elements.

Domenico Maroli - Euclid of Megara Dressing as a Woman to Hear Socrates Teach in Athens

iomoon · **Posted:** Sat Dec 03, 2011 10:14:10 am

366 BCE

Athens founds the town of Kos on the island of Kos in the Aegean Sea.

One of its more famous citizens - Hippocrates.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Mon Dec 05, 2011 10:35:50 am

367 BCE

Dionysius I of Syracuse dies and is succeeded as tyrant of the city by his son Dionysius II. As the younger Dionysius is weak and inexperienced, Dion, brother-in-law of the elder Dionysius, assumes control and persuades Plato, whose friendship he has acquired, to train the new tyrant in the practical application of his philosophical principles.

Dionysius II makes peace with Carthage on the same terms established after his father's defeat by Carthage in the previous decade.

Coin of Dionysius I of Syracuse

iomoon · **Posted:** Tue Dec 06, 2011 09:02:25 am

368 BCE

Plato's Republic is completed. It lays down the rules for an ideal, righteous society and suggests that kings ought to be philosophers (or at least taught by philosophers).

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Tue Dec 06, 2011 10:55:55 am

369 BCE

The birth of Zhou Lie Wang, who was the thirty-third sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the twenty-first of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

iomoon · **Posted:** Tue Dec 06, 2011 15:11:17 pm

370 BCE

With the support of Thebes, the Arcadian capital city of Megalopolis is completed and a democratic system is set up with an Assembly of Ten Thousand and a Council of fifty.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Tue Dec 06, 2011 15:27:00 pm

371 BCE

In 371 B.C. at Leuctra, in Boeotia, on the road from Plataea to Thespiae, the Thebans met and defeated the Spartans. The latter never recovered from the blow this disaster gave to their prestige. It was poetic justice that this punishment for their ill rule should come from Thebes---the city they had used shamefully beyond all others. The credit for the victory falls to Epaminondas, though he is not named by the historian Xenophon, who---as a warm admirer of the Spartans---was not anxious to glorify their most formidable enemy.

Epaminondas

iomoon · **Posted:** Wed Dec 07, 2011 07:22:31 am

372 BCE

Jason of Pherae, the ruler of Thessaly, allies himself first with Athens and then with Macedon.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Wed Dec 07, 2011 12:33:21 pm

373 BCE

On a winter night in 373 BC, the classical Greek city of Helike was destroyed by a massive earthquake and tidal wave. The entire city and all its inhabitants were lost beneath the sea. What has bewitched archaeologists about Helike is that it was engulfed just when ancient Greece was reaching its height; when the philosophy and art that inspired the western world for thousands of years were invented.

The Helike search area, on the southwest shore of the Gulf of Corinth, northern Peloponnesos, including the area of the 1988 sonar survey. In 2000 and 2001 we located ancient Helike on the coastal plain between the Selinous and Kerynites Rivers.

iomoon · **Posted:** Thu Dec 08, 2011 08:52:16 am

374 BCE

The King of Salamis, Evagoras, is assassinated. He is succeeded by his son, Nicocles, who continues his father's liberal Hellenising policy in Cyprus, encouraged by Isocrates, who writes his Exhortation to Nicocles.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Thu Dec 08, 2011 11:13:57 am

375 BCE

The Theban general, Pelopidas, is made the leader of the Sacred Band, a selected infantry body of 300.

Learning that the Spartan garrison of Orchomenus (in Boeotia) is leaving for an expedition to Locris, Pelopidas sets out with the Sacred Band of Thebes and a small force of cavalry, intending to seize the city while it is unguarded. However, as the Thebans approach the city, they learn that a sizable force has been dispatched from Sparta to reinforce the garrison at Orchomenus and is approaching the city. Pelopidas retreats with his force, but before the Thebans can reach safety at Tegyra, they meet the original Spartan garrison returning from Locris. In the ensuing Battle of Tegyra, the Thebans rout the larger Spartan force.

Epaminonas defending Pelopidas in Plutarch's Lives

iomoon · **Posted:** Sat Dec 10, 2011 10:03:01 am

376 BCE

The Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by the Triballi.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Mon Dec 12, 2011 12:59:33 pm

377 BCE

Hippocrates is perhaps history's most famous physician (b 460 BCE) died. By rejecting superstition in favor of scientific observation, by classifying diseases, and by creating a set of moral and professional standards for physicians, he earned the title of "Father of Medicine." He also gave the world the Hippocratic Oath, a code of ethics for physicians which is still taken by graduates at many modern medical schools.

iomoon · **Posted:** Tue Dec 13, 2011 08:29:30 am

378 BCE

Timotheus, the son of the Athenian general Conon, is elected strategos of Athens.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Tue Dec 13, 2011 12:50:41 pm

379 BCE

A small group of Theban exiles, led by Pelopidas, infiltrate the city of Thebes and assassinate the leaders of the pro-Spartan government. Epaminondas and Gorgidas lead a group of young men who break into the city's armories, take weapons, and surround the Spartans on the Cadmea, assisted by a force of Athenian hoplites. In the Theban assembly the next day, Epaminondas and Gorgidas bring Pelopidas and his men before the audience and exhort the Thebans to fight for their freedom. The assembly respond by acclaiming Pelopidas and his men as liberators. Fearing for their lives, the Spartan garrison surrender and are evacuated. The Thebans of the pro-Spartan party are also allowed to surrender; they are subsequently executed.

Epaminondas

iomoon · **Posted:** Wed Dec 14, 2011 04:47:03 am

380 BCE

The Egyptian Pharaoh Hakor dies and is succeeded by his son Nepherites II, but he is overthrown by Nectanebo I within the year, ending the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) becomes the first Pharaoh of the Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Wed Dec 14, 2011 09:52:59 am

381 BCE

Wu Qi, Chinese military general, Prime Minister of the State of Chu, also a servant of the State of Lu (born in Wei) dies.

iomoon · **Posted:** Fri Dec 16, 2011 04:25:51 am

382 BCE

In punishment for his unauthorized action in the previous year of taking over Thebes, Phoebidas is relieved of his command, but the Spartans continue to hold Thebes. The Spartan king Agesilaus II argues against punishing Phoebidas, on the grounds that his actions had benefited Sparta, and this was the only standard against which he ought to be judged.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Fri Dec 16, 2011 10:19:12 am

383 BCE

The 19 year lunar cycle is introduced into the Babylonian calendar.

Avebury 2005 showed both solar and lunar azimuths to illustrate a 19-year astronomical cycle of the Moon

iomoon · **Posted:** Sat Dec 17, 2011 05:14:38 am

384 BCE

The Greeks found the colony of Pharos at the site of today’s Stari Grad on the island of Hvar, defeating Iadasinoi warriors brought in for its defence.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Mon Dec 19, 2011 10:23:09 am

385 BCE

Democritus announces that the Milky Way is composed of many stars.

Democritus

iomoon · **Posted:** Tue Dec 20, 2011 10:19:35 am

386 BCE

The Chinese city of Handan is founded by the State of Zhao.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Tue Dec 20, 2011 17:47:23 pm

387 BCE

Plato is forced by Dionysius to leave Syracuse (Sicily) after having exercised the right of free speech too broadly. Plato returns to Athens, outside which he founds a school - the Platonic Academy - , where he taught Aristotle until 347 BC.

iomoon · **Posted:** Wed Dec 21, 2011 03:16:00 am

388 BCE

The Athenian general, Thrasybulus, sails to Lesbos, where, with the support of the Mytileneans, he defeats the Spartan forces on the island and wins over a number of cities. While still on Lesbos, however, Thrasybulus is killed by raiders from the city of Aspendus where his financial exactions has made him unpopular.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Wed Dec 21, 2011 09:35:58 am

389 BCE

Wu Qi, the Prime Minister of the State of Chu, enacts his first series of political, municipal, and martial reforms. Wu Qi gains the ire and distrust of Chu officials and aristocratic elite who are against his crusades to sweep up corruption in the state and limit their power. He is eventually assassinated in 381 BC at the funeral of King Diao of Chu, although his assassins are executed shortly after by the newly enthroned King Su of Chu.

iomoon · **Posted:** Thu Dec 22, 2011 03:49:39 am

390 BCE

July 18 – Battle of the Allia: Brennus, a chieftain of the Senones of the Adriatic coast of Italy, leads an army of Cisalpine Gauls in their attack on Rome. They capture the entire city of Rome except for the Capitoline Hill, which is successfully held against them. However, seeing their city devastated, the Romans attempt to buy their salvation from Brennus. The Romans agree to pay one thousand pounds weight of gold.
While Brennus is arguing over the weight of the gold with the Romans, the exiled dictator Marcus Furius Camillus appears with an army and refuses to allow him to take the gold. In an initial battle through Rome's streets, the Gauls are ejected from the city and in a second battle away from the city, Camillus defeats the invaders, earning the title of the "Second Founder of Rome" for saving the city.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Thu Dec 22, 2011 10:24:10 am

391 BCE

The Athenian general, Iphicrates, with a force composed almost entirely of light troops and peltasts (javelin throwers), wins a decisive victory against the Spartan regiment that has been stationed at Lechaeum in the Battle of Lechaeum. This is the first time that a force of light infantry defeats a unit of Greek hoplites.

Iphicrates also campaigns against Phlius and Arcadia, decisively defeating their armies and plundering the territory of the Arcadians when they refuse to engage his troops. After this victory, an Argive army marches to Corinth, and, seizing the Acrocorinth, effectively merges Argos and Corinth.

iomoon · **Posted:** Fri Dec 23, 2011 03:14:19 am

392 BCE

Dionysius I of Syracuse, having increased his power over the native Sicilians (Sicels), is now attacked by a second Carthaginian expedition. He is forced to ally himself with the Sicels. The Carthaginian army, under Mago, is defeated, makes peace, and returns to Carthage. The treaty with Carthage is advantageous to Dionysius.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Fri Dec 23, 2011 07:04:29 am

393 BCE

Aristophanes' play, a new comedy called The Ecclesiazusae, is performed.

iomoon · **Posted:** Sat Dec 24, 2011 03:35:12 am

394 BCE

The temple of Athena Alea in Tegea is burned down, but is however soon rebuilt to the designs of Scopas of Paros.

Diver Pete · **Posted:** Sat Dec 24, 2011 20:35:44 pm

395 BCE

The "Corinthian War" begins, with Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of Persia) against Sparta. The Spartans prepare to send out an army against this new alliance, and order Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus sets out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace.

iomoon · **Posted:** Sun Dec 25, 2011 02:10:50 am

396 BCE

Agesilaus raids Phrygia, where he easily captures an immense amount of booty, since Tissaphernes has concentrated his troops in Caria.

baroldsan · **Posted:** Mon May 28, 2012 14:11:29 pm

397 BC

The Battle of Catana took place in the summer of 397 BC. The Greek fleet under Leptines, the brother of Dionysius I of Syracuse, engaged the Carthaginian fleet under Mago near the city of Catana in Sicily. While the Greek army under Dionysius was present near the city of Catana during the battle, the Carthaginian army under Himilco was away in the interior of Sicily, making a detour around the erupting Mt. Etna. The Carthaginian fleet crushed the Greek fleet in the battle, which ultimately led to the siege of Syracuse by the Carthaginians later in 397 BC.

iomoon · **Posted:** Wed May 30, 2012 05:52:49 am

398 BCE

Motya, with its fine harbour, is attacked and captured.

iomoon · **Posted:** Mon Jun 11, 2012 07:10:08 am

399 BCE
King Amyrtaeus of Egypt is defeated in battle by his successor, Nepherites I of Mendes, and executed at Memphis. King Nepherites I, or Nefaarud I, founds the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. He makes Mendes his capital.

Nephrites I

iomoon · **Posted:** Sat Jul 28, 2012 09:38:32 am

400 BCE
Artaxerxes II King of Persia appoints Tissaphernes to take over all the districts in Asia Minor over which Artaxerxes II's brother Cyrus had been governor before his revolt

iomoon · **Posted:** Wed Aug 01, 2012 02:14:13 am

401 BCE
Cyrus the Younger uses a quarrel with Tissaphernes over the Ionian cities as a pretext for gathering a large army and also pretends to prepare an expedition to Pisidia, in the Taurus Mountains. Cyrus starts out with about 20,000 men, of whom around 10,000 are Greek mercenaries. When he reaches the Euphrates River at Thapsacus, he announces that he is marching against Artaxerxes II. He advances unopposed into Babylonia; but Artaxerxes, warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes, hastily gathers an army. The two forces meet in the Battle of Cunaxa, north of Babylon, where Cyrus is slain.

iomoon · **Posted:** Mon Aug 27, 2012 03:33:16 am

402 BCE

Birth of Phocion.
Painting below is his funeral.

iomoon · **Posted:** Wed Oct 24, 2012 04:29:03 am

403 BCE

The states of Han, Zhao and Wei receive official recognition as Marquesses from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, confirming the Partition of Jin. This is one of the traditional starting points of the Warring States Period.


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